Stab Proof Vest Protection Levels: NIJ, CAST KR1/SP1 & VPAM Compared

(Updated on June 25th, 2026)

Word count: 2000 words

Reading time: 10 minutes

Introduction

Welcome to the ultimate guide on stab-proof body armour! Whether you're new to the world of personal protection or just curious about how to stay safe in everyday situations, this guide is here to help. We'll break down the different stab-proof standards worldwide in a simple and clear way, so you can understand how to choose the best protection for your needs. From understanding what these standards are to exploring their unique features, we've got you covered. Let's get started on ensuring you're well-informed and confident in your safety choices.

What are Stab Proof Standards?

Stab-proof standards are guidelines set to ensure that protective body armour can effectively resist penetration from sharp objects like knives. These standards are crucial because they provide a reliable measure of protection, helping you choose armour that meets specific safety requirements. By understanding these standards, you can make informed decisions about the gear you need to stay safe in various situations. Whether you're a professional needing high-level protection or someone looking for everyday safety, knowing these standards is the first step in choosing the right armour.

Ready to dive into the organisations behind these standards? Let's move on.

Key organisations Setting Standards

Several organisations around the world set the standards for stab-proof body armour to ensure consistent and reliable protection. Here are the key players:

1. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) - USA: The NIJ sets standards that are widely recognised for various types of protective gear, including stab-proof vests. Their standards are known for rigorous testing and clear protection levels.

2. Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST) & Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) - UK: These organisations provide standards for law enforcement and personal protection equipment in the UK, ensuring high levels of safety and effectiveness.

3. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO): ISO sets international standards that apply to a wide range of products, including protective clothing. Their standards ensure global consistency and quality.

4. Vereinigung der Prüfstellen für Angriffshemmende Materialien und Konstruktionen (VPAM) - Germany: VPAM standards are known throughout Europe for their comprehensive testing and high protection levels.

5. GA68 - China: The GA68 standard is specific to China, providing guidelines and testing protocols for stab-proof armour to ensure safety in various scenarios.

We will walk through each of these standards one by one. We are only highlighting the key elements, without an overwhelming amount of details.

NIJ Standard-0115.00

The NIJ Standard-0115.00 specifies the performance requirements and testing methods for stab-resistant body armour. The armour is categorised into two protection classes—"Edged Blade" and "Spike"—with three protection levels (1, 2, and 3) for each class.

For any given protection level, the armour must withstand impacts at two distinct energy levels:

1. E1 Energy Level: This represents the normal strike energy the armour is expected to handle.
2. E2 Energy Level: This is an overtest condition where the strike energy is increased by 50% to ensure a safety margin.

The allowable penetration depths are as follows:

- E1 Energy Level: The maximum allowable penetration is 7 mm (0.28 inches). This limit is based on research indicating that internal injuries to organs are extremely unlikely at this depth.
- E2 Energy Level: The maximum allowable penetration is 20 mm (0.79 inches). This higher penetration limit ensures the armour's effectiveness under more stringent conditions.

Protection Levels and Corresponding Strike Energies:
- Level 1:
- E1: 24 ± 0.50 J (17.7 ± 0.36 ft·lbf)
- E2: 36 ± 0.60 J (26.6 ± 0.44 ft·lbf)

- Level 2:
- E1: 33 ± 0.60 J (24.3 ± 0.44 ft·lbf)
- E2: 50 ± 0.70 J (36.9 ± 0.51 ft·lbf)

- Level 3:
- E1: 43 ± 0.60 J (31.7 ± 0.44 ft·lbf)
- E2: 65 ± 0.80 J (47.9 ± 0.59 ft·lbf)

These standards ensure that the stab-resistant body armour provides effective protection against different levels of threat while maintaining a high degree of safety and reliability.

Key Takeaway:
The NIJ standard prioritises practical wearability over absolute rigidity. Even if a blade pierces slightly (≤7mm), the goal is to prevent life-threatening injury.

VPAM Standard KDIW 2004

The VPAM Standard KDIW 2004, developed by the Vereinigung der Prüfstellen für Angriffshemmende Materialien und Konstruktionen (Association of test laboratories for bullet-resistant materials and constructions), outlines the requirements, classifications, and test procedures for stab and impact-resistant protective equipment, including body armour, protective helmets, and shields. The standard aims to provide reproducible results and market transparency, allowing for objective comparisons of products tested according to its criteria.

Key Elements of the VPAM Standard:

1. Protection Classes: The standard categorises protective equipment into classes based on their resistance to various stabbing tools (knife, spike, and injection cannula) and impact tools (block). The classes are:
- Knife (blade): K1 to K4
- Nail (spike): D1 to D4
- Injection cannula: I1
- Block (impact): W1 to W5

2. Testing Procedures:
- Stab Resistance: Includes testing with different tools like knives, spikes, and injection cannulas. Each tool has specific test conditions and energy levels.
- Impact Resistance: Involves testing with a block to simulate the impact of throwing or striking objects with edges.

3. Test Tools and Conditions: The standard specifies the dimensions, materials, and preparation of test tools. Tests are conducted using a drop test apparatus to ensure the tools strike the test specimens at the correct energy levels and angles.

4. Penetration Depths: The standard sets maximum allowable penetration depths for different protection classes. For example:
- Knife (K1 to K4): < 20 mm in general areas, 25 mm in seam and overlap areas.
- Nail (D1 to D4): < 20 mm in general areas, 25 mm in seam and overlap areas.
- Injection cannula (I1): Should not puncture the test specimen.

5. Impact Testing: Specifies conditions for testing the deformation caused by impact tools, ensuring the armour can withstand blunt force impacts.

6. Documentation and Certification: The standard requires detailed documentation of the testing process and results, including a test report and certificate if the equipment passes the tests.

The VPAM KDIW 2004 standard ensures that protective equipment provides reliable and effective resistance against stabs and impacts, enhancing user safety in various threat scenarios.

Protection Levels and Penetration Depths in the CAST 2017 Standard

The CAST 2017 standard for stab-resistant body armour defines two primary knife protection levels, which can be upgraded to include spike protection. For each knife protection level, there are two stab energies assessed: E1 and E2. Spike protection is only assessed at E1.

Here are the details of the protection levels and their associated penetration depths:

Knife Protection Levels:
1. KR1 (Knife Resistance 1)
- Energy Level E1: 24.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 8.0 mm
- Single Penetration Limit (SPL): 9.0 mm
- Energy Level E2: 36.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 20.0 mm
- SPL: 30.0 mm

2. KR2 (Knife Resistance 2)
- Energy Level E1: 33.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 8.0 mm
- SPL: 9.0 mm
- Energy Level E2: 50.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 20.0 mm
- SPL: 30.0 mm

Knife and Spike Protection Levels:
1. KR1 + SP1 (Spike Protection 1)
- Knife Protection (KR1):
- Energy Level E1: 24.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 8.0 mm
- SPL: 9.0 mm
- Energy Level E2: 36.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 20.0 mm
- SPL: 30.0 mm
- Spike Protection (SP1):
- Energy Level E1: 24.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 0 mm
- SPL: 0 mm

2. KR2 + SP2 (Spike Protection 2)
- Knife Protection (KR2)：
- Energy Level E1: 33.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 8.0 mm
- SPL: 9.0 mm
- Energy Level E2: 50.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 20.0 mm
- SPL: 30.0 mm
- Spike Protection (SP2):
- Energy Level E1: 33.0 J
- Maximum Penetration: 0 mm
- SPL: 0 mm

These penetration limits are absolute, with no rounding permitted. At energy level E1, one penetration in a test series is permitted up to 9.0 mm, while at energy level E2, one penetration in a test series is permitted up to 30.0 mm. All other penetrations must be within the specified limits for the protection level.

This structure ensures that body armour certified under the CAST 2017 standard provides reliable and consistent protection against knife and spike threats, offering clear guidelines on the maximum allowable penetration depths for different threat levels.

Key Difference from NIJ:
UK CAST often incorporates multi-angle strikes and accounts for unpredictable attack patterns, reflecting the diversity of threats in urban policing. However, both standards allow a certain level of penetration, this is so that body armours can be designed to withstand critical life-threatening penetrations while at the same time allowing a degree of comfort and wearability.

The Uncompromising Shield: Inside China's GA68 Stab Protection Standard

China's GA68-2008 stands as a fortress against compromise. Released by the Ministry of Public Security for police operations, this standard embodies a singular philosophy: any penetration is an unacceptable failure. Where other global standards tolerate calculated risks, GA68 draws an unyielding line in the armour – zero blade advancement.

The GA68 protocol simulates brutal real-world assaults. Unlike stab tests that only measure perpendicular impacts, it forces vests to prove themselves against angled strikes – demanding protection at 0° and 45° attack angles with a standardised prison-style dagger. Each test delivers 24 joules of energy (equivalent to a downward thrust from shoulder height), and every single strike must leave inner layers pristine. No torn threads. No micro-punctures. No "just-skin-deep" compromises. This absolute penetration resistance is non-negotiable.

But GA68's rigour extends beyond the blade. armour must withstand environmental extremes, enduring -20°C Arctic cold and +55°C desert heat without degrading. Protective layers are sealed against sweat corrosion and UV damage. Seams and joins face targeted 45° strikes – exploiting potential weak points most standards ignore. When a vest passes GA68, it's not merely "compliant"; it's a sealed fortress against real-world chaos.

The Hidden Gap in Global Standards
This uncompromising stance reveals a critical divergence from norms like NIJ 0115.00. At identical 24J impact energy, the U.S. standard permits up to 7mm of blade penetration for certification – enough to breach skin, risk infection, or nick capillaries. GA68 treats that same breach as a catastrophic failure. This isn't theoretical: forensic data shows even 5mm punctures from contaminated blades can transmit bloodborne pathogens. In essence, GA68 protects against threats other standards deem "acceptable."

armourLite FlexGuard: Engineering Beyond the Binary
For global security teams navigating these differing benchmarks, the armourLite FlexGuard Series meets GA68's zero-penetration mandate at 24J while simultaneously exceeding NIJ's highest tier (E3) at 55J. Independent CNAS labs verified its performance: after 72-hour sweat immersion and -40°C thermal cycling, FlexGuard panels stopped ice pick strikes without inner layer deformation.

Comparing Standards

Now that we've covered the major stab-proof standards from around the world, let's compare them to understand their similarities and differences.

What do These Impact Energy Levels Mean?

So what does 10 or 24 Joules mean for me? To put these energy levels into context that we ordinary people can understand, we resort to high school maths and did some calculations that convert energies into forces. Here are the results and some everyday examples for you to comprehend the concept.

5 Joules (5J):

A hardcover book dropped from waist height
This mimics a quick, opportunistic slash or jab from a pocketknife. While not enough to penetrate most armour, it could cause cuts or bruises on unprotected skin

A lacrosse ball hurled at close range
Similar to a sudden, sharp strike in crowded spaces—painful but survivable with basic protection.

10 Joules (10J):

A 2-litre soda bottle falling from a shelf onto your chest
This energy resembles a determined thrust from a kitchen knife, capable of breaking skin or damaging soft tissues without armour.

A martial artist's practice strike with a wooden dagger
Controlled but forceful—gear designed for higher thresholds (e.g., 24J) would absorb this effortlessly, turning it into a dull pressure

Real-World Threats: Combat knives, ice picks, or tactical tools can deliver 33J in a single strike.

43 Joules (43J)

A cinder block thrown from a second-story window
This energy mirrors a lethal, sustained assault—think prison riots or gang violence—where attackers target vital organs relentlessly.

A linebacker's tackle combined with a baseball bat swing
The raw force of 43J is both crushing and piercing. armour must act like a medieval shield: rigid enough to stop a battle-axe, yet layered to cushion the shock.

Military engagements, riots, or escaped convict scenarios often involve weapons exceeding 40J. Only hard armour (ceramic, metallic plates) can reliably stop 43J strikes without catastrophic failure.

Understanding EN388: The Global Benchmark for Protective Performance

The European Standard EN388:2016+A1:2018 establishes definitive laboratory test methods and classification requirements for assessing the mechanical protective properties of fabrics. This internationally recognised certification provides procurement managers, safety officers, and end-users with objective, third-party validation of a glove's ability to mitigate occupational hand injuries.

The standard evaluates five key hazard categories through standardised destructive testing. Abrasion resistance (Section 6.1) is quantified by the number of cycles required for a rotating abrasive paper to compromise the material. Cut resistance (Section 6.2) utilises two methodologies: the Coupe test determines resistance to straight blades (rated A-F), while the TDM test measures resistance to reciprocating motion under higher forces. Tear resistance (Section 6.3) applies opposing forces to measure material integrity, while puncture resistance (Section 6.4) assesses protection against pointed objects by quantifying newton-force before penetration. Optional impact protection (Annex B) evaluates back-of-hand shock absorption capabilities.

Certified fabrics display a four-digit shield code (e.g., EN 388:4132), where each position corresponds to a tested attribute:

• First digit: Abrasion resistance rating (Levels 1–4)
• Second character: Blade cut resistance (A–F under Coupe test; X if TDM score <2)
• Third digit: Tear resistance (1–4)
• Fourth digit: Puncture resistance (1–4)

For high-risk environments, supplementary markings denote impact performance ("P" for pass) or cut-resistance verification via TDM testing ("X"-"F"). A glove rated EN 388: 4F14 P thus delivers Level 4 abrasion protection (highest certification), Level F cut resistance (exceeds chainsaw-defence thresholds), Level 1 tear resistance, Level 4 puncture resistance, and certified impact protection.

Industries leverage EN388 ratings to align PPE with operational risks: Processing facilities prioritise cut resistance (D-F), construction requires minimum Level 3 puncture protection, and recycling operations demand Level 4 abrasion performance. Independent verification eliminates subjective claims—ensuring compliance with EU Regulation 2016/425 and providing defensible evidence for OSHA-equivalent frameworks globally.

It's worth noting that, while EN388 Level 4 puncture resistance (≥100 N) suffices for industrial hazards like nails or sheet metal, armourLite SoftGuard body armour vests and T-shirts exceed these thresholds by 300% (at max. 450N). A few examples to help comprehend this in everyday contexts: A pneumatic nailer jamming and blowing a 3" nail into your palm, or, A heavy exterior door catching your hand during a 20-mph wind gust, or a 50-lb backpack dropped onto your foot at shoulder height.

Choosing the Right Standard for You

When it comes to selecting stab-proof body armour, understanding the different standards is crucial, but it's equally important to match the standard to your specific needs. Here's a quick high-level overview on how to choose the right one for you:

Assess Your Threat Level: Consider the environment you will be in and the potential threats you might face. If you are in a high-risk profession, such as law enforcement or security, you may need armour with higher protection levels like NIJ Level 2 or VPAM K4. For everyday personal protection, a lower level like NIJ Level 1 or CAST KR1 may suffice.

Consider the Material: Different materials offer various benefits. Kevlar and Twaron are known for their durability and affordability, while Dyneema and Spectra Shield are lighter and offer higher levels of protection. Composite carbon fibre and aramid materials provide excellent resistance but may come at a higher cost.

Check for Comfort and Fit: Armour should not only be protective but also comfortable to wear for extended periods. Ensure that the armour conforms to your body and allows for easy movement. Features like adjustable straps and breathable fabrics can enhance comfort.

Evaluate Penetration Resistance: Look at the specific penetration depths allowed by each standard. For example, NIJ standards specify a maximum penetration of 7 mm at the normal strike energy level, while CAST standards allow up to 8 mm. Choosing armour that meets or exceeds your required penetration resistance is critical.

Verify Certification and Quality: Make sure the armour you choose is certified by a reputable standard and undergoes regular quality testing. Standards like NIJ, CAST, and VPAM have rigorous testing procedures to ensure reliability.

Budget Considerations: While higher protection levels and advanced materials often come at a higher cost, it's essential to balance your budget with your protection needs. Investing in quality armour can provide peace of mind and enhanced safety.

By carefully assessing these factors, you can choose stab-proof body armour that best meets your needs and ensures your safety. We have also composed a blog post for those of you who want to know more. Now, let's conclude with a recap of the key points we've covered.

Conclusion

Understanding stab-proof standards worldwide is essential for making informed decisions about your personal safety. We've explored various standards, including NIJ from the USA, CAST from the UK, ISO's international guidelines, VPAM from Germany, and GA68 from China. Each of these standards offers different protection levels, testing procedures, and penetration limits, ensuring that you can find armour that meets your specific needs.

By assessing your threat level, considering the material, checking for comfort and fit, evaluating penetration resistance, verifying certification and quality, and balancing your budget, you can choose the right stab-proof body armour for your situation.

Remember, your safety is paramount. Investing in the right protective gear not only provides peace of mind but also ensures that you are prepared for any potential threats. Stay informed, stay protected, and take the necessary steps to enhance your personal security.

Thank you for taking the time to read this guide. If you have any further questions or need more detailed information, feel free to explore the additional resources provided or contact experts in the field. Stay safe!

Additional Resources

To further enhance your understanding and knowledge of stab-proof body armour and its standards, here are some additional resources you can explore:

For deeper technical reading, these official sources provide full testing documentation:

1. NIJ Standards and Guidelines: Visit the National Institute of Justice website for detailed information on NIJ standards, testing procedures, and certification processes.

2. CAST Body Armour Standards: Check out the UK Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST) for more information on their body armour standards and research.

3. ISO Standards: Learn about the International Organisation for Standardisation and their global safety standards at the ISO website.

4. VPAM Guidelines: For detailed information on VPAM standards and testing methods, visit the VPAM website.

5. GA68 Standards: Explore the Chinese GA68 standards through local regulatory bodies and official publications available online.

6. Body armour Manufacturers: Many reputable manufacturers provide detailed specifications and compliance information for their products. Websites of companies like DuPont (Kevlar), DSM (Dyneema), and Honeywell (Spectra Shield) offer valuable insights into the materials used and the protection levels offered.

7. Expert Consultations: Consider reaching out to experts in the field of personal protection equipment for personalised advice and recommendations based on your specific needs and circumstances.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does NIJ 0115.0 Level 1 mean?

NIJ 0115.0 is the US National Institute of Justice standard for stab-resistant body armour — the most widely recognised civilian stab vest standard in the world. Level 1 means the panel has been independently tested and certified to stop both edged blade and spike threats at 24 joules of strike energy.

What does 24 joules feel like? Imagine a full 1-litre bottle of water dropped from the top of a doorway onto a single knife tip — that's roughly 24 joules of concentrated impact energy. Or picture the firm swing of a claw hammer striking a nail with one hand. It covers the stabbing force approximately 85% of the adult male population can deliver in a single overarm strike, according to UK Home Office research that measured real-world stabbing biomechanics.

What's the difference between NIJ, VPAM, and CAST stab standards?

All three are legitimate stab protection standards, but they were developed by different countries and test slightly differently:

• NIJ 0115.0 (USA) — Three levels: Level 1 (24 J), Level 2 (33 J), Level 3 (43 J). Uses a drop-tower test at 0° and 45° angles against knife and spike threats. The most common standard for civilian body armour worldwide.
• CAST KR1/SP1 (UK) — Two separate certifications at 24 J: KR1 for Knife Resistance, SP1 for Spike Resistance. The most demanding test protocol — it uses a guided-mass mechanism striking at multiple angles including seams, on panels that have been soaked, dried, and temperature-conditioned first.
• VPAM KDIW 2004 (Germany) — Four levels from K1 (25 J) up to K4 (80 J). Unique among the three: it's the only standard that also tests against hypodermic needles (imagine dropping a smartphone from waist height onto a 21G syringe — that's 2.5 J, and most ordinary fabrics fail) and blunt-impact weapons like thrown bricks or swung bats.

Think of it like crash test ratings for cars — Euro NCAP, IIHS, and JNCAP all measure crash safety, but their test protocols differ, so the scores aren't directly interchangeable even though they all tell you the car is safe.

Is NIJ Level 1 enough protection?

For the vast majority of real-world situations, yes. The UK Home Office research that underpins all three stab standards measured actual stabbing force across the male population:

• Level 1 (24 J) — Covers approximately 85% of the population. Equivalent to a firm, committed thrust with a kitchen knife by an average adult. This is the level specified for most security, law enforcement, and civilian use.
• Level 2 (33 J) — Covers roughly the 90th percentile. Think of a two-handed thrust from a stronger, more determined attacker.
• Level 3 (43 J) — Covers approximately the 96th percentile. Near the maximum force a human can deliver — a running thrust with a combat knife. Beyond this sits the most extreme 4%, which could include a very large attacker running at full speed.

It's important to understand: no vest makes you invulnerable. The difference between levels isn't about absolute stopping power — it's about the statistical likelihood of facing an attacker who can exceed the rated energy. Level 1 stops what 85 out of 100 adult men can throw at you. For most security and civilian roles, that's sufficient. For prison officers or high-risk tactical roles where every advantage counts, higher levels close that remaining gap.

How can I verify a stab vest is genuinely certified?

Don't take a manufacturer's word for it — independent verification is what separates real protection from marketing. Here's the checklist:

1. Ask for the test laboratory certificate. A legitimate NIJ-certified vest comes with documentation from an NIJ-approved laboratory showing the test date, threat classes tested, energy levels, and penetration results (edged blade: ≤7 mm allowed; spike: 0 mm — anything over 0 is a fail).
2. Look up the certificate on the public database. For CAST KR1/SP1, verify on the Home Office Police Equipment Database at ped-cast.homeoffice.gov.uk. For NIJ, check the NIJ Compliant Products List. Certificate numbers can be made up — database verification confirms they're real.
3. Check the lab's accreditation. The testing lab should hold ISO 17025 accreditation, verifiable on the UKAS website. Contact the lab directly with the report number to confirm it's genuine.
4. Confirm it's for the exact model you're buying — not a different product in the same range, and not a sample from five years ago.
5. Be wary of "tested to NIJ standards." That phrase without a lab name, report number, and accreditation details could mean an in-house test with no independent verification. If a seller won't provide the lab certificate, walk away.

Does EN388 apply to stab proof vests?

The short answer: EN388 is not a stab-proof certification — but it does measure real slash and puncture resistance that has genuine protective value in a knife attack.

The detail: EN388:2016 is the European standard for mechanical durability. It tests five things: abrasion, blade cut (Coup test), tear, puncture, and — in its 2016 update — a TDM-100 slash test that draws a fresh razor blade across the material and measures exactly how many Newtons of force it takes to cut through. That TDM-100 test (rated A through F) is a genuine slash-resistance measurement. The puncture test uses a standardised probe pressed through the fabric at up to 150 Newtons for the highest rating (Level 4).

What 450 Newtons means in everyday terms: The standard EN388 Level 4 puncture threshold is 150 N — roughly the weight of two full bowling balls balancing on a single knife tip. ArmorLite SoftGuard fabric hits 450 N — three times that. Imagine a fully loaded airline suitcase (about 46 kg, or the weight of a 10-year-old child) pressing down on the tip of a kitchen knife, and the fabric still won't let it through. That's a genuinely impressive level of puncture resistance.

What EN388 does NOT test: None of its tests simulate a weapon-level knife thrust at 24+ joules. The puncture test uses a blunt probe pressed slowly — not a sharp knife tip driven at impact speed with bodyweight behind it. And it has no spike or ice pick test at all. A material can max out every EN388 category and still fail against a committed overarm stabbing strike because the physics are different: EN388 measures industrial durability; NIJ/CAST/VPAM measure weapon-level attack survivability.

Practical takeaway: For the areas a stab vest covers (chest, back, abdomen), the primary threat is a thrust — and you need NIJ 0115.0, CAST KR/SP, or VPAM for that. But in a real knife attack, slashing injuries to exposed areas (forearms, wrists, neck) can be just as deadly — which is why slash-resistant base layers rated to EN388 Level E/F are increasingly worn alongside certified stab vests by police and security professionals. The smartest approach combines both: a vest with a stab certification for the torso, constructed from materials with high EN388 cut and puncture ratings for comprehensive slash and penetration resistance.

Shop ArmorLite's Independently Tested Body Armour

All armourLite products are independently tested to the standards discussed in this guide:

• Knife-Proof T-Shirt — exceeds EN388 puncture resistance by 300% (450N max)
• Stealth Guard Covert Stab-Proof Vest — 50% lighter than comparable vests, NIJ 0115.0 Level 1
• Engineer Stab-Proof Vest — full torso coverage, flexible carbon-fibre scales, NIJ 0115.0 Level 1
• Trekker Stab-Proof Weather Coat — all-weather protection, NIJ 0115.0 Level 1

For the complete technical reference with verification steps and detailed comparison tables, read our Body Armour Certification Guide (Expert-Reviewed) →